[5] The first Nisei linguists were tested when the Marines invaded Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942 and flew prisoners of war and captured Japanese documents were sent a short distance away to New Caledonia for processing by the Nisei language team attached to Task Force 6814. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. Coming from battle fields, crashed aircraft, graves, sunken ships and foxholes, many of them torn, defaced, water-soaked, soiled and charred, making them difficult or impossible to read. It was a new kind of combined operations warfare in which the Allies consistently outclassed their Japanese opponents. The Allied Air Forces acted promptly on this information and sank both Japanese submarines and supply barges. Pre-landing reconnaissance efforts were hampered by the destruction of the Australian scouting party that was landed in the area by submarine in late March, and the reality of the terrain was only discovered through aerial intelligence that arrived too late. The Japanese had already captured Rabaul, the capital of the Australian-controlled territory of New Guinea, on 23 January 1942, and early in February Australian and Dutch forces surrendered the island of Ambon in the Netherlands East Indies (modern Indonesia). On September 27, 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the "Axis."Seeking to curb Japanese aggression and force a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and China, the United States . . [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. Forward positions would first be established at Milne Bay, located in the forked eastern end of the Papuan peninsula, and at Buna, a village on the northeast coast of Papua about halfway between Huon Gulf and Milne Bay. [11] This document was quickly translated and published as ATIS Publication No. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. At wars end it moved to Tokyo. [10] After the chief of staff of the Second Area Army travelled to Wewak to deliver Adachi orders in person, he directed that the 66th Infantry Regiment begin moving from Wewak to Hollandia on 18 April; it was expected that this unit would arrive there in mid-June. [7][8] Over the next year, the Japanese built up the area into a major air and naval base. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. [17] The Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) estimated the average size of a captured document at 12 pages. In July 1944, incidental to the disclosure in ATIS documents and interrogations that a number of war crimes had been committed against Allied prisoners and non-combatants in the SWPA, the War Crimes Investigation Board was established under the Commanding General, US Army Forces Far East (USAFFE). When Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, was captured in late April one of the first places CIC agents seized was the post office. During the early stages of the planning process MacArthur's headquarters believed that two Japanese infantry regiments may have been in the Hollandia area, but this was later discounted. [28], "Thenceforth, the Battle of Milne Bay became an infantry struggle in the sopping jungle carried on mostly at night under pouring rain. [10], The colonial capital of Port Moresby on the south coast of Papua was the strategic key for the Japanese in this area of operations. The naval command in the Southwest Pacific remained unchanged. See Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. The Allies made good use of the information in the naval campaigns that followed. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. Before June, between 20 and 25 P-39s had been lost in air combat, while three more had been destroyed on the ground and eight had been destroyed in landings by accident. [1] All of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the captured records. [16] Only about 500 of the 11,000 personnel were ground combat troops, being drawn from several antiaircraft batteries. This airfield was of great value to the Australians during the fighting for northeast Papua. [61] U.S. forces undertook mopping up operations in the area until 6 June. [18] A large number of Japanese aircraft were stationed at airfields near Hollandia in March 1944. Army units in the South Pacific were transferred to MacArthurs direct control in June, and the U.S. 13th Air Force was moved to the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) to form, with the U.S. 5th Air Force, the new Far Eastern Air Force, which was commanded by Gen. George C. Kenney in addition to his position as commander of Allied Air Forces SWPA. [36], The Australians decisively turned back the Japanese assault in the ensuing 2931 January 1943 Battle of Wau. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. MacArthur was now determined to liberate the island as a stepping-stone to the reconquest of the Philippines. In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. The remote but crucial airfield lay 25 miles south/southeast of the port town of Salamaua. Also produced were ATIS Publications. In March 1943, a document was captured showing the submarine schedule between Lae, New Guinea, and New Britain. They totaled 104 in number. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. [57] Stephen R. Taaffe reached a similar conclusion. [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . German New Guinea Stamps, Dutch Dutch & Colonies Cover Stamps, Dutch Stamps, An airfield had been built there during an area gold rush in the 1920s and 1930s. [41] Through the afternoon of 1 March, the overcast weather held at which point everything began to go wrong for the Japanese. The B-29s in the Pacific, forming a part of the U.S. 20th Air Force, were controlled by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through Gen. Henry (Hap) Arnold, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. The plane in which Koga was flying crashed at sea, with no survivors. (Map 2) Invasion of Dutch New Guinea. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Lindberg D-Day Invasion LCT Cargo Ship Model Kit 1/125 New Sealed In Damaged Box at the best online prices at eBay! Report No. The landings took place at dawn on 22 April after a supporting naval bombardment at each site. MacArthur's plan was bold, as it involved making a large amphibious landing deep behind the front lines in New Guinea. [20], I Corps under Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger provided most of the ground forces for the combined Operations Reckless and Persecution. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. Second, the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped up their air searches. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). I Corps Commanding General was informed in detail of a major enemy operation involving several divisions and embracing the entire Corps front from Rosario to Puncan. The operation consisted of two landings, one at Tanahmerah Bay and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia. It was placed under the direction of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J-2), Joint Staff, CINCPAC, and CINCPOA (Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas). The landings were undertaken simultaneously with the amphibious invasion of Aitape ("Operation Persecution") to the east. First, they had woefully underestimated the strength of the Allied air forces. It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. They were discontinued with the dissolution of the Philippine Island Research Section of ATIS on October 9, 1944. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. [42], " 'The Boeing [B-25] is most terrifying,' wrote one survivor in his diary. After July 1944, however, documents, including published translations, were prepared under the imprint of CINCPAC-CINCPOA, and the title JICPOA was used only for administrative purposes. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. Instructions were issued to the assaulting forces personnel not to pocket captured documents as souvenirs but to turn them over to JICPOA personnel.[10]. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. No. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. [34], Wau is a village in the interior of the Papuan peninsula, approximately 50 kilometres (30mi) southwest of Salamaua. [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. 2, Alphabetical List of 40,000 Japanese Army Officer (May 1943); No. region: "", The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. 4, Bibliographic Index used for all ATIS publications; No. They were prepared and distributed as a result of a specific need, and represented a form of publication for matters outside the usual range of translations and reports. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. West Papua: Forgotten War, Unwanted People. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. [35], Once the Japanese had decided to give up on Guadalcanal, the capture of Port Moresby loomed even larger in their strategic thinking. In February 1944, the Japanese devised a plan known as Z Plan to counter the American naval offensive and destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet. Allied troops set up 105mm howitzer in Depapre New Guinea 1944. [5] During the Guadalcanal campaign a large quantity of documents were captured, including ones retrieved from the Japanese submarine I-1, just offshore.[6]. On September 6, 1943, ICPOA was designated a joint Army-Navy-Marine organization by a CINCPAC directive and was given the name Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). It was not just ATIS that was engaged in captured Japanese records operations. [18]. [13] See Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942.. Beleaguered, the survivors of the Japanese garrison were evacuated by submarine on the night of 26 October. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. [63][64], Meanwhile, the Allies quickly made the Sentani airfields operational and were able to mount bombing raids on Japanese positions as far west as Biak, making them useless for air operations. After the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, in March 1943, an abandoned lifeboat at Goodenough Island (northeast of New Guinea) from the Teiyo Maru was recovered and found in it was The Japanese Army List, dated October 15, 1942. 67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. [17] It proved difficult to accurately estimate the size and composition of the Japanese defenses, as attempts to infiltrate reconnaissance parties in the area failed. In the first months of 1942, the Japanese launched further attacks against British Burma, Australian-administered New Guinea and Papua, and the islands of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). [23] The Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the Composite Anti-Aircraft Defences played a crucial part. [12], As an attack on Hollandia was not expected, no plans were prepared to defend the area prior to the Allied landing. The whole northern coast of the island was now in Allied hands and airfields from which bombers could strike the southern Philippines were soon in operation. The Americans landed at Hollandia and Aitape simultaneously on 22 April with the aim of bypassing the Japanese stronghold at Wewak and thus leaving the Japanese 18th Army isolated and cut off there. The Japanese at Rabaul and other bases on New Britain would have easily overwhelmed any such effort (by mid-September, MacArthur's entire naval force under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender consisted of 5 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 20 submarines, and 7 small craft). Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. Approval was granted four days later. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. A complete list of the names of all officers and noncommissioned officers of the Japanese 222nd Infantry Regiment was captured on May 28, 1944. In late 1943, the Information Section was given the task of writing Briefs consisting of a summary and highlights of Enemy Publications and Current Translations. The timing of the landings at Hollandia were moved back to 22 April at around this time due to logistical problems and the Pacific Fleet's other commitments, and it was decided to conduct the landing at Aitape simultaneously with the main assault. Documents recovered from the bodies of dead Japanese, members of a Special Suicide Penetration Unit, killed near San Fabian, Luzon, on January 19, 1945, gave full accounts of the units and personnel involved. [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. During the war, the Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS), as it came to be called, grew dramatically. The Royal Australian Air Force and Dutch air units remained under Kenneys control as part of the Allied Air Forces, while the Royal New Zealand Air Force, together with certain U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy land-based air units, continued to operate along the Solomon Islands axis. The Aussies were fighting mad, for they had found some of their captured fellows tied to trees and bayoneted to death, surmounted by the placard, 'It took them a long time to die'. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. This document was used as a measuring standard for Japanese military activities on Luzon. [34][35] During the same period, American air and naval forces sank many of the Japanese ships which were attempting to transport reinforcements to the Hollandia and Wewak areas; these attacks were guided by intelligence gained from breaking the Japanese codes. Joseph J. Rochefort (of the Battle of Midway code-breaking fame). It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. Horikoshi was in the Philippine Islands from May 1942 to August 1943, and the diary contained a good coverage of that period, depicting atrocities, conditions in Allied prisoner-of-war camps, and conditions in the Philippine Islands in general. The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere. White 1 would be the main landing, as it provided the only spot where the larger LSTs could land, while White 2 would be secured with smaller LVTs and DUKWs, which would be used to cross the shallow entrance to Jautefa Bay. They included: No. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. MacArthur's rollback began with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Battle of Buna-Gona. 37, No. The unit was in effect a miniature ATIS, with various sections, coordinating the production of translation and interrogation reports of immediate operation value. The US Navy had similar language programs. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. (1944), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea_campaign&oldid=1136220909, 44,000 on Bougainville (politically a part of New Guinea), 30,500 on New Britain, New Ireland, and the Admiralty Islands. [citation needed], Three factors conspired to create disaster for the Japanese. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. Only 30 percent of the captured documents needed no treatment; the rest needed cleaning, drying, and/or other conservation treatment. Also, Yamamoto accepted at face value his fliers' over-optimistic reports of damage: they reported a score of one cruiser, two destroyers and 25 transports, as well as 175 Allied planes, a figure that should certainly have aroused some skepticism. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). The terrain, however, proved more problematic. Key Terms 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. [5], Allied intelligence successes led to the decision to land at Hollandia. Once the war ended, Southeast Asia Command Field Security Sections were assigned to seize records that, among other things, could be used for the prosecution of war criminals. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. [8] At the start of 1943, ICPOA was basically dealing with intercepted messages because not that many prisoners of war or documents had been captured. [20], Since Port Moresby was the only port supporting operations in Papua, its defence was critical to the campaign. The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, previously commander of the U.S. The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. The ATIS Information Section supplied information derived from interrogations; translations; and, situation reports, intelligence summaries, maps, photos, and other outside publications. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian -administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. 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